Many African-Americans had attended inferior schools and were ill-prepared to compete in the admissions process. Īlthough public universities were integrated by court decree, selective colleges and graduate programs, and the professions which stemmed from them, remained almost all white. ![]() Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, the Supreme Court upheld an order for busing of students to desegregate a school system. The school board in Green had allowed children to attend any school, but few chose to attend those dominated by another race. County School Board, ruling that it was not enough to eliminate racially discriminatory practices state governments were under an obligation to actively work to desegregate schools. In that year, the Supreme Court revisited the issue of school desegregation in Green v. By 1968, integration of public schools was well advanced. Among other progressive legislation, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title VI of which forbids racial discrimination in any program or activity receiving federal funding. In the following fifteen years, the court issued landmark rulings in cases involving race and civil liberties, but left supervision of the desegregation of Southern schools mostly to lower courts. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court of the United States ruled segregation by race in public schools to be unconstitutional. Main article: School integration in the United States Questions about whether the Bakke case was merely a plurality opinion or binding precedent were answered in 2003 when the court upheld Powell's position in a majority opinion in Grutter v. The practical effect of Bakke was that most affirmative action programs continued without change. Nevertheless, UC Davis's program went too far for a majority of justices, and it was struck down and Bakke was admitted. ![]() Finding diversity in the classroom to be a compelling state interest, Powell opined that affirmative action in general was allowed under the Constitution and the Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. two different blocs of four justices joined various parts of Powell's opinion. The judgment of the court was written by Justice Lewis F. The nine justices issued a total of six opinions. The ruling on the case was highly fractured. Supreme Court accepted the case amid wide public attention. The California Supreme Court struck down the program as violative of the rights of White applicants and ordered Bakke admitted. After twice being rejected by the University of California, Davis, he brought suit in state court challenging the constitutionality of the school's affirmative action program. Bakke was in his early 30s while applying and therefore considered too old by at least two institutions. Bakke ( / ˈ b ɑː k iː/), an engineer and former Marine officer, sought admission to medical school but was rejected for admission due in part to his age. Odegaard (1974), was dismissed on procedural grounds.Īllan P. An earlier case that the Supreme Court had taken in an attempt to address the issue, DeFunis v. Proponents deemed such programs necessary to make up for past discrimination, while opponents believed they were illegal and a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. ![]() Board of Education decision and had ordered school districts to take steps to assure integration, the question of the legality of voluntary affirmative action programs initiated by universities remained unresolved. However, the court ruled that specific racial quotas, such as the 16 out of 100 seats set aside for minority students by the University of California, Davis School of Medicine, were impermissible.Īlthough the Supreme Court had outlawed segregation in schools by the Brown v. It upheld affirmative action, allowing race to be one of several factors in college admission policy. 265 (1978) was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States which involved a dispute of whether preferential treatment for minorities can reduce educational opportunities for whites without violating the Constitution. Regents of the University of California v. Stevens, joined by Burger, Stewart, Rehnquist Powell (Parts II, III–B, III–C, IV, V–A, V–B, and VI) Powell (Parts I and V–C), joined by Brennan, White, Marshall, Blackmun Judgment of the Supreme Court of California reversed insofar as it forbade the university from taking race into account in admissions.Ĭhief Justice Warren E. 1090 (1977).īakke was ordered admitted to UC Davis Medical School, and the school's practice of reserving 16 seats for minority students was struck down. Regents of the University of California, 18 Cal. ( CCH) ¶ 8402Ĭertiorari to the Supreme Court of California, Bakke v.
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